Mapping Stream Temperature in Northwest Rivers
Salmon and trout often use cold-water refuges when surrounding water temperatures are higher than their preferred water temperatures. The relatively cool areas may be small patches of cool water created by groundwater inputs or junctions with cold tributary streams. These “refuges” are described in detail at http://www.epa.gov/region10/pdf/water/torgersen_etal_2012_cold_water_refuges.pdf.