FOLLOWING DATA SOURCES HAVE BEEN USED FOR:

Country boundaries:

Natural Earth, 2016, Admin 0 – Countries, Natural Earth at http://www.naturalearthdata.com/downloads/10m-cultural-vectors/10m-admin-0-countries/.

Population estimates:

United Nations, 2015, World Population Prospects: The 2015 Revision, United Nations,Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division at http://esa.un.org/ unpd/wpp/dataquery.

Rainfall maps:

Funk, C., Peterson, P., Landsfeld, M., Pedreros, D., Verdin, J., Shukla, S., Husak, G., Rowland, J., Harrison, L., and Hoell, A., 2015, The climate hazards infrared precipitation with stations — a new environmental record for monitoring extremes: Scientific Data, v. 2.

General reference maps:

Stöckli, R., Vermote, E., Saleous, N., Simmon, R., and Herring, D., 2005, The Blue Marble Next Generation—a true color earth dataset including seasonal dynamics from MODIS (NASA Earth Observatory): NASA Earth Observatory at http://earthobservatory.nasa. gov/Newsroom/BlueMarble

Shaded relief maps:

Danielson, J.J., and Gesch, D.B., 2011, Global multi-resolution terrain elevation data 2010(GMTED2010), U.S. Geological Survey.

 

CHAPTER I :

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Blanc, J., 2008, Loxodonta africana, IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, IUCN at http:// dx.doi.org/10.2305/iucn.uk.2008.rlts.t12392a3339343.en.

Bossard, L., 2009, West African Studies Regional Atlas on West Africa:  OECD Publishing.

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Cohen, J.E., 2003, Human Population: The Next Half Century: Science, v. 302, no. 5648, p.1172-1175, at http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1088665.

Corcoran, E., Ravilious, C., and Skuja, M., 2007, Mangroves of western and central Africa: UNEP/Earthprint 26.

Cormier-Salem, M.C., and Panfili, J., 2016, Mangrove reforestation: greening or grabbing coastal zones and deltas? Case studies in Senegal: African Journal of Aquatic Science, v. 41, no. 1, p. 89-98, at http://dx.doi.org/10.2989/16085914.2016.1146122.

Cour, J.-M., and Snrech, S., 1998, Preparing for the future: A vision of West Africa in the year 2020:  OECD - Club Sahel.

De Jong, S.M., Bagre, A., Van Teeffelen, P.B., and Van Deursen, W.P., 2000, Monitoring Trends in Urban Growth and Surveying City Quarters in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso Using SPOT‐XS: Geocarto International, v. 15, no. 2, p. 63-70.

Dudley, N., 2008, Guidelines for applying protected area management categories, IUCN at http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/iucn.ch.2008.paps.2.en.

Durant, S.M., Wacher, T., Bashir, S., Woodroffe, R., De Ornellas, P., Ransom, C., Newby, J., Abáigar, T., Abdelgadir, M., El Alqamy, H., Baillie, J., Beddiaf, M., Belbachir, F., Belbachir- Bazi, A., Berbash, A.A., Bemadjim, N.E., Beudels-Jamar, R., Boitani, L., Breitenmoser, C., Cano, M., Chardonnet, P., Collen, B., Cornforth, W.A., Cuzin, F., Gerngross, P., Haddane, B., Hadjeloum, M., Jacobson, A., Jebali, A., Lamarque, F., Mallon, D., Minkowski, K., Monfort, S., Ndoassal, B., Niagate, B., Purchase, G., Samaïla, S., Samna, A.K., Sillero-Zubiri, C., Soultan, A.E., Stanley Price, M.R., and Pettorelli, N., 2013, Fiddling in biodiversity hotspots while deserts burn? Collapse of the Sahara’s megafauna: Diversity and Distributions, v. 20, no. 1, p. 114-122, at http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ddi.12157.

Fairhead, J., and Leach, M., 1996, Misreading the African landscape: society and ecology in a forest-savanna mosaic:  Cambridge University Press.

FAO, 1983, Integrating crops and livestock in West Africa: Rome, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.

FAOstat, 2015, Statistical Databases: Rome, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations at http://faostat3.fao.org/home/E.

Funk, C., Peterson, P., Landsfeld, M., Pedreros, D., Verdin, J., Shukla, S., Husak, G., Rowland, J., Harrison, L., and Hoell, A., 2015, The climate hazards infrared precipitation with stations — a new environmental record for monitoring extremes: Scientific Data, v. 2.

Giannini, A., 2016, 40 Years of Climate Modeling: The Causes of Late-20th Century Drought in the Sahel, The End of Desertification?: Springer, p. 265-291.

Glantz, M.H., 1994, Drought Follows the Plow: Cultivating Marginal Areas, Climate Variability, Climate Change and Social Vulnerability in the Semi-arid Tropics, Cambridge University Press, p. 125-128, at http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511608308.009.

Godfray, H.C.J., Beddington, J.R., Crute, I.R., Haddad, L., Lawrence, D., Muir, J.F., Pretty, J., Robinson, S., Thomas, S.M., and Toulmin, C., 2010, Food Security: The Challenge of Feeding 9 Billion People: Science, v. 327, no. 5967, p. 812-818, at http://dx.doi. org/10.1126/science.1185383.

González, P.J., 1997, Dynamics of biodiversity and human carrying capacity in the Senegal Sahel: University of California, Berkeley.

Gyasi, E.A., and Uitto, J.I., 1997, Environment, biodiversity and agricultural change in West Africa: perspectives from Ghana:  United Nations University Press.

HarvestChoice, 2001, Major River Basins (class), International Food Policy Research Institute, Washington, D.C. University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN. at http://harvestchoice.org/ node/4966.

Henschel, P., Bauer, H., Sogbohoussou, E., and Nowell, K., 2015, Panthera leo (West Africa subpopulation), IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, IUCN at http://dx.doi. org/10.2305/iucn.uk.2015-2.rlts.t68933833a54067639.en.

Huete, A., Ponce-Campos, G., Zhang, Y., Restrepo-Coupe, N., Ma, Z., and Moran, M.S., 2016, Monitoring photosynthesis from Space, Remote Sensing Handbook Volume II: Land Resources Monitoring, Modeling and Mapping with Remote Sensing: Boca Raton, FL., Taylor & Francis Group, p. 3-22, at http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsarchives-xxxviii- 8-w20-19-2011.

Hulme, M., 2001, Climatic perspectives on Sahelian desiccation: 1973–1998: Global Environmental Change, v. 11, no. 1, p. 19-29, at http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0959- 3780(00)00042-x.

Humle, T., Boesch, C., Duvall, C., Ellis, C.M., Farmer, K.H., Herbinger, I., Blom, A., and Oates, J.F., 2008, Pan troglodytes ssp. verus, IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, IUCN at http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/iucn.uk.2008.rlts.t15935a5323101.en.

IUCN, 1992, Protected Areas of the World: A Review of National Systems. Volume 3: Afrotropical: Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK, IUCN, p. xxii + 360pp.

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IUCN, and UNEP-WCMC, 2016, The World Database on Protected Areas (WDPA) [On-line]: Cambridge, UK, UNEP-WCMC at www.protectedplanet.net.

Joppa, L.N., Loarie, S.R., and Pimm, S.L., 2008, On the protection of “protected areas”: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, v. 105, no. 18, p. 6673-6678, at http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0802471105.

Keay, R., 1959, Derived savanna: derived from what: Bulletin d’IFAN Ser. A, v. 21, no. 42, p. 7-438.

Kelder, Y., 2011, The Ecology of Urbanization: The Case of Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso: Denmark, Roskilde University, 98 p., at http://diggy.ruc.dk/bitstream/1800/7285/1/ The_whole_report%20final.pdf.

Kokoye, S.E.H., Tovignan, S.D., Yabi, J.A., and Yegbemey, R.N., 2013, Econometric modeling of farm household land allocation in the municipality of Banikoara in Northern Benin: Land Use Policy, v. 34, p. 72-79, at http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2013.02.004.

Konseiga, A., 2005, Regional integration beyond the traditional trade benefits: Labour mobility contribution: Development Economics and Policy, v. 46, p. 206.

Kormos, R., Boesch, C., Bakarr, M.I., and Butynski, T.M., 2003, West African chimpanzees: Status survey and conservation action plan: International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources.

Lambin, E.F., Turner, B.L., Geist, H.J., Agbola, S.B., Angelsen, A., Bruce, J.W., Coomes, O.T., Dirzo, R., Fischer, G., Folke, C., George, P.S., Homewood, K., Imbernon, J., Leemans, R., Li, X., Moran, E.F., Mortimore, M., Ramakrishnan, P.S., Richards, J.F., Skånes, H., Steffen, W., Stone, G.D., Svedin, U., Veldkamp, T.A., Vogel, C., and Xu, J., 2001, The causes of land-use and land-cover change: moving beyond the myths: Global Environmental Change, v. 11, no. 4, p. 261-269, at http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0959-3780(01)00007-3.

Lillesand, T., Kiefer, R.W., and Chipman, J., 2014, Remote sensing and image interpretation: John Wiley & Sons.

Lowman, P.D., 1968, Space Panorama:  Weltflugbild, Zurich.

Mallon, D.P., Hoffmann, M., and McGowan, P.J.K., 2015, An IUCN situation analysis of terrestrial and freshwater fauna in West and Central Africa: IUCN at http://dx.doi. org/10.2305/iucn.ch.2015.ssc-op.54.en.

Mengue-Medou, C., 2002, Les aires protégées en Afrique : perspectives pour leur conservation: vertigo, no. Volume 3 Numéro 1 at http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/ vertigo.4126.

Michel, P., 1973, Les bassins des fleuves Sénégal et Gambie: étude géomorphologique.

Michelot, A., and Ouedraogo, B., 2009, Transboundary Protected Areas: Legal Framework for the W Transboundary Biosphere Reserve (Benin, Burkina Faso, Niger): IUCN: Gland, Switzerland.

Mitchell, T., 2013, Sahel Precipitation Index (20-10N, 20W-10E), 1900 - May 2015, JISAO.

Mittermeier, R.A., Myers, N., Mittermeier, C.G., and Robles Gil, P., 1999, Hotspots: Earth’s biologically richest and most endangered terrestrial ecoregions: CEMEX, SA, Agrupación Sierra Madre, SC.

Monod, T., 1963, Après Yangambi (1956): notes de phytogéographie africaine: IFAN.

Moriconi-Ebrard, F., Harre, D., and Heinrigs, P., 2016, Urbanisation Dynamics in West Africa 1950–2010: Africapolis I, 2015 Update, West African Studies: Paris, OECD.

Myers, N., Mittermeier, R.A., Mittermeier, C.G., da Fonseca, G.A.B., and Kent, J., 2000, Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities: Nature, v. 403, no. 6772, p. 853-858, at   http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/35002501.

Niang, I., O.C., R., Abdrabo, M.A., Essel, A., Lennard, C., Padgham, J., and Urquhart, P., 2014, Africa, Climate change 2014: impacts, adaptation, and vulnerability. Part B: regional aspects. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change: Cambridge University Press.

Nicholson, S.E., 2005, On the question of the“recovery”of the rains in the West African Sahel: Journal of Arid Environments, v. 63, no. 3, p. 615-641, at http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j. jaridenv.2005.03.004.

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PGRN, 2001, Nomenclature pour la construction de bases de données sur l’occupation des sols du Niger au sud du 16ème parallèle Projet Gestion des Ressources Naturelles: Niamey, Niger, Direction de l’environnement.

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Price, T.L., Aladji-Boni, A.S., Paolini, C., Konaté, K., Wilson, R., El Hadj Issa, A., Novelli, O., Niandou, I., Busson, F., and Dulieu, D., 2002, The“W” Regional Park of Benin, Burkina Faso and Niger — Building on a Process of Regional Integration to Address both Local Interests and Transboundary Challenges, in World Parks Congress 2003, Durban, RSA, at https://portals.iucn.org/library/efiles/html/CD-033/English/grfx/sessions/ PDFs/session_1/Price.pdf.

Reij, C., Tappan, G., and Smale, M., 2009, Agroenvironmental transformation in the Sahel: Another kind of” Green Revolution”:  International Food Policy Research Institute.

Reij, C., Tappan, G., Smale, M., Spielman, D., and Pandya-Lorch, R., 2009, Re-greening the Sahel: farmer-led innovation in Burkina Faso and Niger: Millions fed: proven successes in agricultural development, p. 53-58.

Reij, C., and Winterbottom, R., 2015, Scaling Up Regreening: Six Steps to Success – A Practical Approach to Forest and Landscape Restoration: Washington, DC., USA, World Resources Institute.

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Salzmann, U., and Hoelzmann, P., 2005, The Dahomey Gap: an abrupt climatically induced rain forest fragmentation in West Africa during the late Holocene: The Holocene, v. 15, no. 2, p. 190-199, at http://dx.doi.org/10.1191/0959683605hl799rp.

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Steffen, W., Crutzen, P.J., and McNeill, J.R., 2007, The Anthropocene: Are Humans Now Overwhelming the Great Forces of Nature: AMBIO: A Journal of the Human Environment, v. 36, no. 8, p. 614-621, at http://dx.doi.org/10.1579/0044-7447(2007)36[614:taahn o]2.0.co;2.

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Stock, R., 2012, Africa South of the Sahara: a geographical interpretation: New York, Guilford Press.

Tappan, G.G., Sall, M., Wood, E., and Cushing, M., 2004, Ecoregions and land cover trends in Senegal: Journal of Arid Environments, v. 59, no. 3, p. 427-462.

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Trochain, J.-L., 1957, Accord interafricain sur la définition des types de végétation de l’Afrique tropicale:  Institut d’études centrafricaines.

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USAID, 2014, Workshop Report: West Africa Regional Mangroves and Climate Change,

U.S. Agency for International Development at https://sites.google.com/site/ mangrovesworkshop.

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Woomer, P., Tieszen, L., Tappan, G., Touré, A., and Sall, M., 2004, Land use change and terrestrial carbon stocks in Senegal: Journal of Arid Environments, v. 59, no. 3, p. 625-642.

Yamba, B., and Sambo, M., 2012, La Régénération Naturelle Assistée et la sécurité alimentaire des ménages de 5 terroirs villageois des départements de Kantché et Mirriah (région de Zinder) - Rapport pour le Fonds International pour le Développement Agricole.

Zwarts, L., and van Horssen, P., 2009, Living on the edge: wetlands and birds in a changing Sahel:  KNNV Publishing Zeist.

 

CHAPTER II :

Benin

BBC, 2015, Benin country profile — Overview: at http://www.bbc.com/news/world- africa-13037572.

U.S. Department of State, 2015, Benin Investment Climate Statement 2015. : Washington, D.C., at http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/241695.pdf.

United Nations, 2015, World Population Prospects: The 2015 Revision, United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division at http://esa.un.org/ unpd/wpp/dataquery.

Burkina Faso

Dugué, P., 1989, Possibilités et limites de l’intensification des systèmes de culture vivriers en zone Soudano-Sahélienne. Le cas du Yatenga (Burkina Faso).

Marchal, J., 1977, Evolution des systèmes agraires: L’exemple du Yatenga (Haute-Volta): Environnement Africain. Cahiers d’Etude du Milieu et d’Aménagement du Territoire Dakar, v. 2, no. 4-1, p. 75-88.

Pagen, 2006, Rapport d’inventaire 2006 des mammifères diurnes de la Réserve de Biosphère de la Mare aux Hippopotames, p. 48.

Reij, C., Tappan, G., and Smale, M., 2009, Agroenvironmental transformation in the Sahel: Another kind of” Green Revolution”:  International Food Policy Research Institute.

Reij, C., and Waters-Bayer, A., 2001, Farmer innovation in Africa: a source of inspiration for agricultural development:  London, Earthscan.

SP/CONEDD, 2012, Suivi de la végétation, des écosystèmes et des paramètres socioéconomiques dans les sites ROSELT : Mare d’Oursi et Mare aux Hippopotames, p. 83.

Cabo Verde

 Anonymous, 1960, Relatório da Missão Silvícola: Brigada Técnica de Fomento Agrário, Provincia de Cabo Verde.

Benton, S.W., 2013, Forestry on the island of Santo Antão, Cabo Verde, West Africa: Sioux Falls, SœD, USA.

Eklund, J., and Kronhamn, A., 2002, The effects of afforestation - a minor field study of climate, soil, land use and socio-economy in two small areas on Santiago Island, Cape Verde: Earth Sciences Centre, Göteborg University, at http://gvc.gu.se/ digitalAssets/1347/1347874_b332.pdf.

Lopes, J.A., and Santos, M., 2010, Facilitating Financing for Sustainable Forest Management in Small Islands Developing States and Low Forest Cover Countries - Country Case Study: Cape Verde, Report prepared by Indufor for the United Nations Forum on Forests, United Nations.

Mannaerts, C.M., and Gabriels, D., 2000, Rainfall erosivity in Cape Verde: Soil and Tillage Research, v. 55, no. 3, p. 207-212.

Spaak, J.D., 1990, Boiser les Iles du Cap-Vert-pourquoi, comment, pour qui: Bois For. Trop, v. 225, p. 47-54.

WOCAT, 2015, Afforestation — Cape Verde: at https://qt.wocat.net/qt_summary. php?lang=english&qt_id=552

Côte d’Ivoire

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Denis, G., 2015, Le parc national de la Marahoué: de la logique de conservation à la logique de prédation: European Scientific Journal, v. 11, no. 8.

Ehuitché, B., 2015, An analysis of dynamics of deforestation and agricultural productivity in Côte d’Ivoire: International Research Journal of Agricultural Science and Soil Science, v. 5, no. 4, p. 103-111.

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UNEP-WCMC, 2014, Comoé National Park: UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Centre at    http://www.eoearth.org/view/article/151400.

UNESCO, 2015, Comoé National Park: UNESCO World Heritage Centre at http://whc.unesco. org/en/list/227/.

The Gambia

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FAO, 2010, Forest Policy of the Gambia, Forestry Sub-Sector Policy Republic of the Gambia (2010-2019) at http://faolex.fao.org/docs/pdf/gam148213.pdf.

Thoma, W., and Camara, K., 2005, Community forestry enterprises: a case study of The Gambia: Rome, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.

UNDP, 2012, An Assessment of Investments and Financial Flows In the Gambian Forestry Sector, p. 41, at http://www.undpcc.org/docs/Investment%20and%20Financial%20 flows/I&FF%20reports%20and%20suppl%20information/Gambia/IFF%20final%20 doc%20forestry%20%20Gambia.pdf.

Wally, M., 2001, Ecotourism and sustainable wildlife management: Experiences in the Gambia at http://www.fao.org/fileadmin/templates/lead/pdf/02_article03_en.pdf.

Ghana

GSS, 2013, Population and Housing Census 2010, in Service, G.S. at http://www.statsghana. gov.gh/.

Namara, R.E., Horowitz, L., Nyamadi, B., and Barry, B., 2011, Irrigation Development in Ghana: Past experiences, emerging opportunities, and future directions: Ghana Strategy Support Program (GSSP) Working Paper, no. 0026.

Snyder, K., Lefore, N., de Silva, S., Venot, J.-P., and Merrey, D., 2013, Improving the sustainability of impacts of agricultural water management interventions in challenging contexts. Case study from Ghana., International Water Management Institute, p. 31.

Guinea

Brugiere, D., and Kormos, R., 2008, Review of the protected area network in Guinea, West Africa, and recommendations for new sites for biodiversity conservation: Biodiversity and Conservation, v. 18, no. 4, p. 847-868, at http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10531-008- 9508-z.

Fairhead, J., and Leach, M., 1994, Contested forests: Modern conservation and historical land use in Guinea’s Ziama Reserve: African Affairs, v. 93, no. 373, p. 481-512.

Guinea-Bissau

Corcoran, E., Ravilious, C., and Skuja, M., 2007, Mangroves of western and central Africa: UNEP/Earthprint 26.

FAOstat, 2015, Statistical Databases: Rome, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations at http://faostat3.fao.org/home/E.

Nicholls, R.J., and Cazenave, A., 2010, Sea-level rise and its impact on coastal zones: science, v. 328, no. 5985, p. 1517-1520.

UNESCO, 2012, Adaptation to Climate Change in Coastal zones of West Africa. Responding to coastal changes and its human implications in West Africa through integrated coastal area management at http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0021/002179/217953e.pdf.

Liberia

CIFOR, 2005, Proceedings of the First International Workshop on Community Forestry in Liberia: Monrovia, Liberia, Center for International Forestry Research.

Dunn-Marcos, R., and Ranard, D.A., 2005, Liberians: An introduction to their history and culture:  Center for Applied Linguistics, Cultural Orientation Resource Center.

FAO, 2014, Global Forest Resources Assessment 2015: Country Report Liberia, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, p. 75.

Ngafuan, R.F., 2010, The“Overcrowding” of Monrovia and its link to Rural-Urban Migration in Liberia: Causes, Consequences and Solutions: The Perspective at http://www. theperspective.org/2010/0614201001.html.

Mali

CIA, 2013, The World Factbook 2013-14: Central Intelligence Agency at https://www.cia. gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/index.html.

Hale, B., 2002, Mali’s Golden Hope: BBC News (BBC).

Spiekermann, R., Brandt, M., and Samimi, C., 2015, Woody vegetation and land cover changes in the Sahel of Mali (1967–2011): International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation, v. 34, p. 113-121.

Zwarts, L., and van Horssen, P., 2009, Living on the edge: wetlands and birds in a changing Sahel:  KNNV Publishing Zeist.

Mauritania

Berte, C.J., Ould Mohamed, M., and Ould Saleck, M., 2010, Fighting sand encroachment: lessons from Mauritania: Rome, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations at http://www.fao.org/3/a-i1488e.pdf.

Urban Habitat, 2016, Urban Habitat - A World Map of Urban Habitat as Seen by Civil Society: at https://www.wm-urban-habitat.org/eng/mauritania-2/.

Shahin, M., 2007, Water resources and hydrometeorology of the Arab region: Springer Science & Business Media.

Shine, T., 2011, The Conservation Status of Eastern Mauritania’s ephemeral wetlands and their role in the Migration and Wintering of Black Storks.

Niger

Benoit, M., 1998, Statut et usages du sol en périphérie du parc national du” W” du Niger: Contribution à l’étude du milieu naturel et des ressources végétales du canton de Tamou et du parc du “W”.

Bouamrame, M., 2006, Biodiversity and stakeholders: concertation itineraries. Biosphere reserves, technical notes 1, MAB Secretariat, Parigi: Paris, France, UNESCO at http:// unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0014/001465/146566e.pdf.

IPCC, 2001, Climate change 2001 IPCC third assessment report: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Geneva, IPCC Secretariat.

Price, T.L., Aladji-Boni, A.S., Paolini, C., Konaté, K., Wilson, R., El Hadj Issa, A., Novelli, O., Niandou, I., Busson, F., and Dulieu, D., 2002, The“W” Regional Park of Benin, Burkina Faso and Niger — Building on a Process of Regional Integration to Address both Local Interests and Transboundary Challenges, in World Parks Congress 2003, Durban, RSA, at https://portals.iucn.org/library/efiles/html/CD-033/English/grfx/sessions/ PDFs/session_1/Price.pdf.

Reij, C., Tappan, G., Smale, M., Spielman, D., and Pandya-Lorch, R., 2009, Re-greening the Sahel: farmer-led innovation in Burkina Faso and Niger: Millions fed: proven successes in agricultural development, p. 53-58.

Reij, C., and Winterbottom, R., 2015, Scaling Up Regreening: Six Steps to Success – A Practical Approach to Forest and Landscape Restoration: Washington, D.C., World Resources Institute.

UICN/PACO, 2010, Parcs et Réserves du Niger, Evaluation de l’Efficacité de la Gestion des Aires Protégées: Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso, UICN – Programme Afrique centrale et occidentale (PACO).

Nigeria

Ajayi, S., 2011, Case study 2: Multipurpose forest management for bush meat production: a success story from West Africa: Rome, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.

Fourchard, L., 2003, Urban slums reports: The case of Ibadan, Nigeria: Understanding Slums: Case Studies for the Global Report on Human Settlements. Institut Francais de Recherche en Afrique (IFRA), University of Ibadan, Nigeria.

Oates, J.F., 1995, The dangers of conservation by rural development – a case-study from the forests of Nigeria: Oryx, v. 29, no. 02, p. 115, at http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ s0030605300020986.

Onojeghuo, A.O., and Onojeghuo, A.R., 2015, Mapping forest transition trends in Okomu Reserve using Landsat and UK-DMC-2 satellite data: South African Journal of Geomatics, v. 4, no. 4, p. 486, at http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/sajg.v4i4.9.

Tijani, M., Olaleye, A., and Olubanjo, O., 2012, Impact of Urbanization on Wetland Degradation: A Case Study of Eleyele Wetland, Ibadan, South West, Nigeria: COLERM Proceedings, v. 2, p. 434-456.

United Nations, 2015, World Population Prospects: The 2015 Revision. : United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division at http://esa.un.org/ unpd/wpp/dataquery.

World Wildlife Fund, 2016, Western Africa: Southern Nigeria at http://www.worldwildlife. org/ecoregions/at0122.

Senegal

Brandt, M., Mbow, C., Diouf, A.A., Verger, A., Samimi, C., and Fensholt, R., 2015, Ground‐and satellite‐based evidence of the biophysical mechanisms behind the greening Sahel: Global change biology, v. 21, no. 4, p. 1610-1620.

Hirai, M., 2005, A vegetation-maintaining system as a livelihood strategy among the Sereer, west-central Senegal.

Ndiaye, O., Diallo, A., Wood, S.A., and Guisse, A., 2014, Structural Diversity of Woody Species in the Senegalese Semi-Arid Zone-Ferlo: American Journal of Plant Sciences, v. 5, no. 3, p. 416.

Pélissier, P., 1966, Les paysans du Sénégal:  Imprimerie Fabrègue Saint Yrieux.

Stancioff, A., Staljanssens, M., and Tappan, G., 1986, Mapping and Remote Sensing of the Resources of the Republic of Senegal: A study of the geology, hydrology, soils, vegetation and land use potential. South Dakota State University, Remote Sensing Institute: Brookings, South Dakota, USA.

Tappan, G.G., Sall, M., Wood, E.C., and Cushing, M., 2004, Ecoregions and land cover trends in Senegal: Journal of Arid Environments, v. 59, no. 3, p. 427-462.

Sierra Leone

Brncic, T.M., Amarasekaran, B., and McKenna, A., 2010, Sierra Leone National Chimpanzee Census September, Sierra Leone Chimpanzee Rehabilitation Programme: Freetown, Sierra Leone, Tacugama Chimpanzee Sanctuary at http://tacugama.com/downloads/ SLNCCP_Final_Report_TCS_Sep2010.pdf.

CIA, 2013, The World Factbook 2013-14: Central Intelligence Agency at https://www.cia. gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/index.html.

Hoffmann, W.A., Orthen, B., and Nascimento, P.K.V.d., 2003, Comparative fire ecology of tropical savanna and forest trees: Functional Ecology, v. 17, no. 6, p. 720-726.

McClanahan, P., 2012, Sierra Leone’s dilemma: There’s gold under those trees: The Christian Science Monitor at http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Africa/2012/1015/Sierra- Leone-s-dilemma-There-s-gold-under-those-trees.

Munro, P., and van der Horst, G., 2012, The domestic trade in timber and fuelwood products in Sierra Leone: current dynamics and issues: Freetown: FAO/EU.

Okoni-Williams, A.D., Thompson, H.S., Wood, P., Koroma, A.P., and Robertson, P., 2001, Sierra Leone, Important bird areas in Africa and associated islands, Priority sites for conservation: Newbury and Cambridge, UK, Birdlife International 11.

STEWARD, 2012, STEWARD Transboundary Community PES Scoping study report.

Trollope, L., and Trollope, L.A., 2010, Fire effects and management in African grasslands and savannas: Range and Animal Sciences and Resources Management, v. 2, p. 121-145. 

Chad

Chaintreuil, I., and Contteau, C., 2000, Diagnostic des modes d’utilisation des ressources naturelles par les usagers de la forêt classée de Yamba Berte (Tchad), dans une perspective de gestion concertée de ces ressources.: Montpellier, France, CNEARC ESAT, 130 p.

CIESIN, 2005, Gridded population of the world version 3 (GPWV3): population density grids: Socioeconomic Data and Applications Center (SEDAC), Columbia University: Palisades, NY, USA accessed January 11, 2016, at http://sedac.ciesin.columbia.edu/gpw.

FEWSnet, 2005, Chad Livelihood Profiles USAID FEWS NET at http://www.fews.net/ livelihoods/files/td/profiling.pdf.