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OSM | 2011
Satellite imagery has long been used to derive vegetation cover. With supporting field sampling, vegetation density (VIP 15) can be classified using the supervised image classification…
OSM | 2011
Vegetation establishment (VIP 14) can be determined using multispectral satellite imagery and image processing software to compute the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI). NDVI is a…
OSM | 2011
As part of the surface coal mining reclamation process, the operator is required to establish vegetative cover on all disturbed areas. Vegetation cover is required to be equal in extent and…
OSM | 2011
Regulations require that no surface coal mining operations be conducted within 100 feet of a public road right-of-way. (VIP 13) Compliance with the 100 foot regulation can be…
OSM | 2011
Impoundment structures hold water, sediments, or other liquid or semi-liquids and are designed to reduce the amount of Total Suspended Solids leaving the mine site. The inspector must…
OSM | 2011
Geomorphic reclamation approximates the slopes, drainage divides, and stream geometries of the pre-mining topography and is encouraged to ensure slope stability and reduce stream sediment. .…
OSM | 2011
Volumetric measurements are used to determine the level of compliance with respect to SMCRA regulations that require mines to restore topography to AOC, and determine the volume of topsoil piles to…
OSM | 2011
Slope Direction maps can provide the inspector with information to determine the most suitable vegetation for a site, depending on what has been identified for the post-mining land use. Slope…
OSM | 2011
Slope length of the reclaimed surface is another parameter that falls under regulatory permit. (VIP 9) The inspector can use measurement tools in a GIS to compare the length of a regraded…
OSM | 2011
After reclamation, slopes should be a uniform, or smooth shape. Concave slopes may retain too much water and not drain properly. Convex slopes may cause water to run off the slope causing…
OSM | 2011
Slope angle is an important factor related to the stability and erosion susceptibility of the reclaimed land surface. (VIP 7) Once a DSM is generated from the satellite imagery, a slope angle…
OSM | 2011
One of the principal requirements regarding backfilling and grading is to return disturbed lands back to their approximate original contour. (VIP 6) The final land surface must be stable, not…