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BLM | 2011
Lidar and aerial photography are valuable tools for preliminary investigations by cadastral surveyors. Boundary disputes are often decided using survey information. Remote sensing data…
OSM | 2011
The mission of the Office of Surface Mining (OSM) is to carry out the requirements of the Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act (SMCRA) in cooperation with States and Tribes. A primary objective…
OSM | 2011
A mining permit describes the lands that will be affected by coal mining activities. The SMCRA inspector ensures that the mining and associated operations are within these approved boundaries…
OSM | 2011
Water diversions are constructed to prevent and control water runoff and erosion problems associated with the disturbed area. Water diversions constructed on mine sites must be the same in…
BLM | 2011
The Pacific Northwest Hydrography Framework is sponsoring a working group tasked to evaluate the use of lidar-derived DEMs as a principal data source for updating the National Hydrology Database (NHD…
BLM | 2011
The Oregon BLM State Office developed a semi-automated technique to map juniper distribution for specific project areas. The technique uses 0.5 meter color infra-red NAIP imagery to identify…
BLM | 2011
The famous Laetoli footprints were made by a human ancestor 3.56 million years ago in the Rift Valley of Tanzania and are the earliest fossil evidence of bipedalism in our ancestors. The trail…
BLM | 2011
The revised Statue 2477 (RS2477) was enacted by Congress in 1866 to facilitate western settlement. It granted “the right-of-way for the construction of highways across public lands not…
BLM | 2011
BLM has issued a National sage grouse policy to ensure environmentally responsible exploration, authorization, leasing and development of energy resources within the range of the Gunnison sage-grouse…
OSM | 2011
During the removal of overburden, toxic or acid-forming materials are often encountered and must be segregated and isolated during mining so as not to be a detriment to successful revegetation, spoil…
OSM | 2011
Reclamation is required while coal removal continues nearby. Backfilling and grading operations are usually the first activities to occur in the reclamation process. These operations…
OSM | 2011
One of the principal requirements regarding backfilling and grading is to return disturbed lands back to their approximate original contour. (VIP 6) The final land surface must be stable, not…