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BIA | 2011
In FY2011, the BIA started integrating remote sensing into forest inventory and management planning efforts in remote, low timber value and inaccessible areas to meet a 2015 Forest Management…
FWS | 2011
The Migratory Bird Program in the FWS utilizes remotely sensed data to survey migratory birds, conduct research on bird migration and habitat use, evaluate habitat conditions, and manage migratory…
FWS | 2011
Sunlight can have a significant impact on freshwater aquatic communities. Using Geographic Resources Analysis Support System (GRASS) geospatial analysis software, a previously generated…
OSM | 2011
The mission of the Office of Surface Mining (OSM) is to carry out the requirements of the Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act (SMCRA) in cooperation with States and Tribes. A primary objective…
OSM | 2011
A mining permit describes the lands that will be affected by coal mining activities. The SMCRA inspector ensures that the mining and associated operations are within these approved boundaries…
OSM | 2011
Water diversions are constructed to prevent and control water runoff and erosion problems associated with the disturbed area. Water diversions constructed on mine sites must be the same in…
OSM | 2011
During the removal of overburden, toxic or acid-forming materials are often encountered and must be segregated and isolated during mining so as not to be a detriment to successful revegetation, spoil…
OSM | 2011
Reclamation is required while coal removal continues nearby. Backfilling and grading operations are usually the first activities to occur in the reclamation process. These operations…
OSM | 2011
One of the principal requirements regarding backfilling and grading is to return disturbed lands back to their approximate original contour. (VIP 6) The final land surface must be stable, not…
OSM | 2011
Slope angle is an important factor related to the stability and erosion susceptibility of the reclaimed land surface. (VIP 7) Once a DSM is generated from the satellite imagery, a slope angle…
OSM | 2011
After reclamation, slopes should be a uniform, or smooth shape. Concave slopes may retain too much water and not drain properly. Convex slopes may cause water to run off the slope causing…