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NPS | 2011
Grand Teton National Park is currently using historic color and color-infrared aerial photography, QuickBird satellite imagery, and lidar imagery for several wide-ranging and critical projects that…
OSM | 2011
The mission of the Office of Surface Mining (OSM) is to carry out the requirements of the Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act (SMCRA) in cooperation with States and Tribes. A primary objective…
OSM | 2011
A mining permit describes the lands that will be affected by coal mining activities. The SMCRA inspector ensures that the mining and associated operations are within these approved boundaries…
OSM | 2011
Water diversions are constructed to prevent and control water runoff and erosion problems associated with the disturbed area. Water diversions constructed on mine sites must be the same in…
NPS | 2011
Each year disturbance events such as avalanches, landslides, floods, fires, and clearcuts alter the landscape in and around the parks in the North Coast and Cascade Network (NCCN). These disturbances…
NPS | 2011
General Washington selected the Morristown, NJ area for overwintering the Continental Army because of its distinctive topographic setting and useful local resources. The camp was protected from…
NPS | 2011
The Midwest Archeological Center (MWAC) maintains archeological data sets for parks in the Midwest Region and assists parks with archeological issues. The Center’s Archeological Information…
OSM | 2011
During the removal of overburden, toxic or acid-forming materials are often encountered and must be segregated and isolated during mining so as not to be a detriment to successful revegetation, spoil…
OSM | 2011
Reclamation is required while coal removal continues nearby. Backfilling and grading operations are usually the first activities to occur in the reclamation process. These operations…
OSM | 2011
One of the principal requirements regarding backfilling and grading is to return disturbed lands back to their approximate original contour. (VIP 6) The final land surface must be stable, not…
OSM | 2011
Slope angle is an important factor related to the stability and erosion susceptibility of the reclaimed land surface. (VIP 7) Once a DSM is generated from the satellite imagery, a slope angle…
OSM | 2011
After reclamation, slopes should be a uniform, or smooth shape. Concave slopes may retain too much water and not drain properly. Convex slopes may cause water to run off the slope causing…